Sofiane, \u010dtrn\u00e1ct let, sed\u00ed p\u0159ed obr\u00e1cen\u00fdm pap\u00edrem. P\u00edsemka z biologie za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 za deset minut a v hlav\u011b se mu to\u010d\u00ed st\u00e1le dokola: co kdy\u017e se zasekne, co kdy\u017e se v\u0161echno vyma\u017ee, co kdy\u017e odevzd\u00e1 pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd list. P\u0159itom se na v\u0161echno p\u0159ipravil. Sv\u00edr\u00e1 propisku, naposledy v duchu proch\u00e1z\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky a strach roste ka\u017edou vte\u0159inou. U\u010ditel mu jen \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, a\u0165 se uklidn\u00ed a mysl\u00ed na n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho. Slavn\u00fd experiment vyzkou\u0161el opa\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1pad: napsat p\u0159esn\u011b to, co ho tr\u00e1p\u00ed, \u010dern\u00e9 na b\u00edl\u00e9m, t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem. Sofiane v tom nen\u00ed s\u00e1m: mnoho \u017e\u00e1k\u016f za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ed zkou\u0161kou stejnou sc\u00e9nu. Nen\u00ed to ostuda, je to velmi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n
P\u0159i \u00fazkosti je nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rada, aby na ni \u010dlov\u011bk nemyslel. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1me si, \u017ee mluvit o strachu ho \u017eiv\u00ed, \u017ee je lep\u0161\u00ed si znovu p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst pozn\u00e1mky nebo se zhluboka nadechnout a \u017ee \u010das zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ed zkou\u0161kou je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 cenn\u00fd na to, aby se pl\u00fdtval psan\u00edm obav. Takov\u00e9 uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 svou logiku: my\u0161lenka, kterou nech\u00e1me na pokoji, sama vyhasne. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 ale, \u017ee strach z\u016fstane mimo pr\u00e1ci, zat\u00edmco se ve skute\u010dnosti usad\u00ed v hlav\u011b toho, kdo m\u00e1 vy\u0159e\u0161it \u00falohu.<\/p>\n
V roce 2011 publikovali Gerardo Ramirez a Sian Beilock v \u010dasopise Science<\/strong><\/a> \u010dty\u0159i experimenty. V prvn\u00edm dvacet student\u016f \u0159e\u0161ilo dva kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 testy z modul\u00e1rn\u00ed aritmetiky, pojmu, kter\u00fd t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neznali. P\u0159ed druh\u00fdm byli vystaveni tlaku: odm\u011bna v\u00e1zan\u00e1 na v\u00fdsledky partnera, kamera, pozorovatel\u00e9. Pot\u00e9 polovina sed\u011bla deset minut<\/strong> v tichu a druh\u00e1 polovina psala o sv\u00fdch my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch a pocitech p\u0159ed nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm testem. Prvn\u00ed ztratili zhruba dvan\u00e1ct procent p\u0159esnosti, druz\u00ed z\u00edskali zhruba p\u011bt. Uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed je snadn\u00e9 popsat: dv\u011b skupiny, stejn\u00fd \u00fakol a deset minut, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed. Rozd\u00edl vznik\u00e1 jen v t\u011bchto deseti minut\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n Auto\u0159i tento v\u00fdsledek zopakovali se \u010dty\u0159iceti sedmi studenty a p\u0159idali skupinu, kter\u00e1 psala o neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed ud\u00e1losti: ta klesla stejn\u011b jako kontroly. Pot\u00e9 sledovali pades\u00e1t jednoho a pak pades\u00e1t p\u011bt \u017e\u00e1k\u016f prvn\u00edho ro\u010dn\u00edku americk\u00e9 st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161koly (ninth grade), na stejn\u00e9 \u0161kole, dva roky po sob\u011b, p\u0159ed jejich prvn\u00ed zkou\u0161kou z biologie. \u00dazkost byla zm\u011b\u0159ena \u0161est t\u00fddn\u016f p\u0159edt\u00edm. T\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed zkou\u0161kou \u017e\u00e1ci, rozd\u011blen\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u011b, psali deset minut bu\u010f o sv\u00fdch obav\u00e1ch, nebo o t\u00e9matu, kter\u00e9 ve zkou\u0161ce nebylo. U t\u011bchto posledn\u00edch platilo, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fazkost, t\u00edm hor\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mka. U t\u011bch, kdo zapsali sv\u00e9 obavy, tato souvislost t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zmizela: nej\u00fazkostn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/strong> \u017e\u00e1ci dos\u00e1hli zhruba o \u0161est procent v\u00edce ne\u017e jejich prot\u011bj\u0161ky z kontroln\u00ed skupiny, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od B- po B+, na \u00farovni nejm\u00e9n\u011b \u00fazkostn\u00fdch. U t\u011bch posledn\u00edch nebyl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd rozd\u00edl. N\u00e1hodn\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed a zm\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u00fazkosti \u0161est t\u00fddn\u016f p\u0159ed zkou\u0161kou umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed porovnat \u017e\u00e1ky, kte\u0159\u00ed si byli na za\u010d\u00e1tku podobn\u00ed. V\u00fdsledek nen\u00ed dojem z jedn\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy, ale pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed zopakovan\u00e9 dva roky po sob\u011b.<\/p>\n Navrhovan\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed je, \u017ee obavy zab\u00edraj\u00ed pracovn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165<\/strong>, omezen\u00fd prostor, ve kter\u00e9m zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1me to, co se sna\u017e\u00edme vy\u0159e\u0161it. P\u0159enesen\u00edm na pap\u00edr by \u017e\u00e1k hlavu odleh\u010dil. V laboratorn\u00edch experimentech pou\u017e\u00edvali p\u00ed\u0161\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edce slov spojen\u00fdch s \u00fazkost\u00ed a kdy\u017e se zohlednil pod\u00edl v\u011bt o obav\u00e1ch, v\u00fdhoda psan\u00ed u\u017e nebyla v\u00fdznamn\u00e1. Psan\u00ed o neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed ud\u00e1losti ned\u00e1valo nic. Tento d\u016fkaz stoj\u00ed na po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed slov, tedy na korelac\u00edch: nazna\u010duje mechanismus, ani\u017e by ho prokazoval. Navr\u017een\u00fd mechanismus je tedy v\u011brohodn\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad, nikoli prok\u00e1zan\u00fd fakt.<\/p>\n Tyto v\u00fdsledky poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z mal\u00fdch vzork\u016f, od dvaceti do pades\u00e1ti p\u011bti lid\u00ed, a ter\u00e9nn\u00ed experimenty se t\u00fdkaly jedin\u00e9 \u0161koly a jedin\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011btu. V roce 2021 vyzkou\u0161eli Sarah Myers, Sara Davis a Jason Chan expresivn\u00ed psan\u00ed<\/strong> v univerzitn\u00edm kurzu psychologie, p\u0159i \u010dty\u0159ech skute\u010dn\u00fdch zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch, st\u0159\u00eddav\u011b s kontroln\u00edm \u00fakolem. \u00dazkost nesn\u00ed\u017eilo ani v\u00fdsledky nezlep\u0161ilo. Obava zapl\u0148uje mysl jako hluk v pozad\u00ed, jak popisuje text pozornost a soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed<\/a>, a jej\u00ed vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed nesta\u010d\u00ed v\u017edy k tomu, aby se uti\u0161ila. Ot\u00e1zka tedy nen\u00ed, zda metoda funguje v\u0161ude, ale u koho a za jak\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. Z toho neplyne, \u017ee je psan\u00ed zbyte\u010dn\u00e9, ani \u017ee funguje v\u017edy. M\u00e1me postup, kter\u00fd v n\u011bkter\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch pom\u00e1h\u00e1 a v jin\u00fdch ne. Takov\u00e1 nejistota m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1, ale je poctiv\u00e1.<\/p>\n Sofiane nepot\u0159eboval sly\u0161et, \u017ee se m\u00e1 uklidnit, pot\u0159eboval dostat ven to, co se mu to\u010dilo v hlav\u011b. Vezme si \u00fatr\u017eek konceptu a n\u011bkolik minut p\u00ed\u0161e: boj\u00edm se, \u017ee se zasekne, boj\u00edm se, \u017ee se v\u0161echno vyma\u017ee, boj\u00edm se, \u017ee zklamu. Pak obr\u00e1t\u00ed svou p\u00edsemku. Nic neslibuje lep\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mku. Ale to, co ho t\u00ed\u017eilo, je te\u010f na pap\u00ed\u0159e a u\u017e ne v jeho hlav\u011b. Nen\u00ed to slib, ale cesta, kterou lze vyzkou\u0161et. Zkou\u0161ka stoj\u00ed jen list pap\u00edru a n\u011bkolik minut.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Sofiane, \u010dtrn\u00e1ct let, sed\u00ed p\u0159ed obr\u00e1cen\u00fdm pap\u00edrem. P\u00edsemka z biologie za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 za deset minut a v hlav\u011b se mu to\u010d\u00ed st\u00e1le dokola: co kdy\u017e se zasekne, co kdy\u017e se v\u0161echno vyma\u017ee, co kdy\u017e odevzd\u00e1 pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd list. P\u0159itom se na v\u0161echno p\u0159ipravil. Sv\u00edr\u00e1 propisku, naposledy v duchu proch\u00e1z\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky a strach roste ka\u017edou vte\u0159inou. U\u010ditel mu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4174,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uceni-a-poznavani"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4185","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4185"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4185\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4398,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4185\/revisions\/4398"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4174"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Co se stalo ve skute\u010dn\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n
Pro\u010d by psan\u00ed mohlo pom\u00e1hat<\/h2>\n
Co na\u0161ly jin\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy, a meze<\/h2>\n