Dva studenti p\u0159esn\u011b na stejn\u00e9 \u00farovni a se stejn\u00fdmi re\u00e1ln\u00fdmi schopnostmi si klidn\u011b sednou, aby absolvovali stejn\u00fd identick\u00fd a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd test slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby a verb\u00e1ln\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed samotn\u00fdm zah\u00e1jen\u00edm jeden pe\u010dliv\u011b za\u0161krtne pole ud\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u016fj etnick\u00fd p\u016fvod, druh\u00fd zcela nikoli. Nic dal\u0161\u00edho se v\u016fbec nem\u011bn\u00ed: stejn\u00e9 zad\u00e1n\u00ed, stejn\u00fd omezen\u00fd \u010das, p\u0159esn\u011b stejn\u00e1 zku\u0161ebn\u00ed m\u00edstnost. P\u0159i pe\u010dliv\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 oprav\u011b v\u0161ak bodov\u00fd rozd\u00edl odd\u011bluje ob\u011b pr\u00e1ce, rozd\u00edl, kter\u00fd nic v jejich re\u00e1ln\u00fdch schopnostech nevysv\u011btluje. Nen\u00ed to v\u016fbec ojedin\u011bl\u00e1 anekdota ani n\u00e1hoda, ale pe\u010dliv\u011b a opakovan\u011b ov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd v\u00fdsledek experimentu, kter\u00fd hluboce a trvale zm\u011bnil zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm ch\u00e1peme \u0161koln\u00ed ne\u00fasp\u011bch n\u011bkter\u00fdch student\u016f.<\/p>\n
Tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 trval\u00e9mu a v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu rozd\u00edlu ve v\u00fdsledc\u00edch mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi skupinami student\u016f je prvn\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159irozen\u011b nab\u00edz\u00ed, \u00farove\u0148: jedna skupina se u\u010dila h\u016f\u0159e, m\u00e9n\u011b opakovala nebo m\u011bla m\u00e9n\u011b znalost\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch k absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed zkou\u0161ky. Toto roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed m\u00e1 bezesporu tu v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee je pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9, ale zcela a naprosto ignoruje \u010dist\u011b situa\u010dn\u00ed mechanismus, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee vytvo\u0159it p\u0159esn\u011b stejn\u00fd rozd\u00edl, ani\u017e by byla dot\u010dena jak\u00e1koli skute\u010dn\u00e1 re\u00e1ln\u00e1 kompetence. Student m\u016f\u017ee dan\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt zcela a bezchybn\u011b zvl\u00e1dat, a p\u0159esto vid\u011bt v\u00fdrazn\u00fd pokles sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu jen proto, \u017ee t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed zkou\u0161kou byla nen\u00e1padn\u011b vsunuta identit\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednka<\/strong>, ani\u017e by si toho byl s\u00e1m jakkoli v\u011bdom.<\/p>\n Dnes ji\u017e dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e1 studie Claude Steela a Joshuy Aronsona, s velk\u00fdm ohlasem publikovan\u00e1 v Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/strong><\/a>, pe\u010dliv\u011b porovn\u00e1vala \u010dern\u00e9 a b\u00edl\u00e9 studenty na zcela srovnateln\u00e9 \u00farovni, kte\u0159\u00ed absolvovali p\u0159esn\u011b tent\u00fd\u017e obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd verb\u00e1ln\u00ed test. Kdy\u017e byl test v\u00fdslovn\u011b prezentov\u00e1n jako m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed schopnosti, dosahovali \u010dern\u00ed studenti soustavn\u011b a v\u00fdrazn\u011b hor\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f ne\u017e b\u00edl\u00ed studenti na p\u0159esn\u011b stejn\u00e9 \u00farovni. Kdy\u017e byl tent\u00fd\u017e test prezentov\u00e1n jako nediagnostikuj\u00edc\u00ed inteligenci, tento rozd\u00edl t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zcela zmizel. Zm\u011bnila se jen a pouze samotn\u00e1 prezentace testu, nikoli jeho skute\u010dn\u00fd obsah, a u\u017e v\u016fbec ne re\u00e1ln\u00e9 schopnosti \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n Pouh\u00e9 p\u0159ipomenut\u00ed n\u011bkomu, \u017ee na jeho skupinu dol\u00e9h\u00e1 negativn\u00ed stereotyp, zab\u00edr\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st jeho pozornosti na sledov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu a zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazkosti, kterou tato p\u0159ipom\u00ednka spou\u0161t\u00ed, m\u00edsto aby ji pln\u011b a zcela v\u011bnoval samotn\u00e9mu dan\u00e9mu \u00fakolu. Tento druh kognitivn\u00edho p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/strong> zcela ti\u0161e a nepozorovan\u011b naru\u0161uje samotn\u00e9 uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, ani\u017e by si dan\u00e1 osoba jakkoli byla v\u011bdoma, \u017ee o tom aktivn\u011b a v\u011bdom\u011b p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed. Vysv\u011btluje to jasn\u011b a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b, pro\u010d jinak velmi kompetentn\u00ed a nadan\u00ed studenti mohou v praxi dosahovat v\u00fdsledk\u016f v\u00fdrazn\u011b hor\u0161\u00edch, ne\u017e je jejich skute\u010dn\u00e1 re\u00e1ln\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148, jakmile jim kontext, by\u0165 jen nen\u00e1padn\u011b a decentn\u011b, p\u0159ipomene, co se statisticky o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 od jejich skupiny.<\/p>\n Bezesporu nejp\u0159ekvapiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm cel\u00e9ho tohoto v\u00fdzkumu je to, \u017ee dan\u00fd efekt spolehliv\u011b a rychle zmiz\u00ed, jakmile je hrozba zcela odstran\u011bna z okoln\u00edho kontextu. To konkr\u00e9tn\u011b znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pozorovan\u00fd pokles v\u00fdkonu v\u016fbec nen\u00ed trvalou vlastnost\u00ed dan\u00e9 osoby samotn\u00e9, n\u00fdbr\u017e p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm a bezprost\u0159edn\u00edm d\u016fsledkem velmi konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed a snadno prom\u011bnliv\u00e9 situace. Takov\u00e1 v\u00fdkonov\u00e1 propast<\/strong> nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed m\u00edstnosti tedy zcela nevypov\u00edd\u00e1 nic spolehliv\u00e9ho o skute\u010dn\u00fdch re\u00e1ln\u00fdch schopnostech studenta, dokud p\u0159esn\u011b nev\u00edme, v jak\u00e9m konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm kontextu a s jak\u00fdmi implicitn\u00edmi a nen\u00e1padn\u00fdmi p\u0159ipom\u00ednkami byl tento v\u00fdsledek v\u016fbec z\u00edsk\u00e1n.<\/p>\n V ka\u017edodenn\u00ed praxi to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm znamen\u00e1 d\u016fsledn\u011b odstranit, pokud je to jen trochu mo\u017en\u00e9, ve\u0161ker\u00e9 zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 identit\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednky p\u0159ed jak\u00fdmkoli hodnocen\u00edm, prezentovat testy jako n\u00e1stroje osobn\u00edho pokroku a r\u016fstu, nikoli jako kone\u010dn\u00e9 a nezvratn\u00e9 rozsudky, a otev\u0159en\u011b a v\u00fdslovn\u011b ujistit studenty, \u017ee poci\u0165ovan\u00e1 obt\u00ed\u017enost v\u016fbec nic nevypov\u00edd\u00e1 o jejich skute\u010dn\u00e9 hodnot\u011b. N\u00e1stroje jako n\u00e1vrat ke studiu<\/a> ostatn\u011b v\u011bdom\u011b a z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b stoj\u00ed na t\u00e9\u017ee logice postupn\u00e9ho obnovov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se znovu a systematicky za\u010dneme v\u011bnovat samotn\u00e9 metod\u011b, co\u017e jasn\u011b dokazuje, \u017ee tento situa\u010dn\u00ed faktor je v praxi stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd jako samotn\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 kompetence. Nejde p\u0159itom v\u016fbec ani o pouhou shov\u00edvavost, ani o zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 pohodl\u00ed, ale o p\u0159\u00edmou a z\u00e1m\u011brnou korekci m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9ho a ji\u017e dob\u0159e zdokumentovan\u00e9ho kontextov\u00e9ho zkreslen\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Ob\u011b pe\u010dliv\u011b opraven\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, polo\u017een\u00e9 vedle sebe, ti\u0161e vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, kter\u00fd zcela nikdo p\u0159i vstupu do m\u00edstnosti onoho r\u00e1na ne\u010dekal: stejn\u00e1 inteligence, stejn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edprava, ale bodov\u00fd rozd\u00edl vznikl\u00fd pouze z jedin\u00e9ho za\u0161krtnut\u00e9ho pole o p\u00e1r minut d\u0159\u00edve. Rozhodn\u011b to nen\u00ed pouh\u00fd probl\u00e9m \u00farovn\u011b ani prost\u00fd probl\u00e9m motivace. Je to v\u00fdhradn\u011b probl\u00e9m kontextu, rozhodnut\u00fd u\u017e d\u00e1vno d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e bylo v\u016fbec p\u0159e\u010dteno prvn\u00ed slovo cel\u00e9ho testu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Dva studenti p\u0159esn\u011b na stejn\u00e9 \u00farovni a se stejn\u00fdmi re\u00e1ln\u00fdmi schopnostmi si klidn\u011b sednou, aby absolvovali stejn\u00fd identick\u00fd a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd test slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby a verb\u00e1ln\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed samotn\u00fdm zah\u00e1jen\u00edm jeden pe\u010dliv\u011b za\u0161krtne pole ud\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u016fj etnick\u00fd p\u016fvod, druh\u00fd zcela nikoli. Nic dal\u0161\u00edho se v\u016fbec nem\u011bn\u00ed: stejn\u00e9 zad\u00e1n\u00ed, stejn\u00fd omezen\u00fd \u010das, p\u0159esn\u011b stejn\u00e1 zku\u0161ebn\u00ed m\u00edstnost. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3339,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-spolecnost-a-inkluze"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3324","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3324"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3324\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4437,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3324\/revisions\/4437"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3339"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3324"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3324"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3324"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Co odhaluje studie o hrozb\u011b stereotypu<\/h2>\n
Pro\u010d pouh\u00e1 p\u0159ipom\u00ednka sta\u010d\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdkonu<\/h2>\n
Co hrozba stereotypu skute\u010dn\u011b poh\u00e1n\u00ed: situa\u010dn\u00ed jev, nikoli stabiln\u00ed rys<\/h2>\n
Jak neutralizovat tuto hrozbu ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b<\/h2>\n