V pom\u011brn\u011b ru\u0161n\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly si vedle sebe docela klidn\u011b hraj\u00ed dv\u011b \u010dty\u0159let\u00e9 d\u011bti. Prvn\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b podrobn\u011b vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o sv\u00e9m dopoledni v cel\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch, obratn\u011b \u0159ad\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00ed v\u011bty za sebou a p\u0159esn\u011b pojmenov\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161e, co vid\u00ed. Druh\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b m\u00e1 zjevn\u011b pot\u00ed\u017ee uk\u00e1zat na p\u0159edm\u011bt p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ed sebou, dlouho a viditeln\u011b v\u00e1h\u00e1, jen opakuje slova dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho, ani\u017e by si je kdy skute\u010dn\u011b a trvale osvojilo. U\u010ditelka na tom skute\u010dn\u011b nevid\u00ed nic neobvykl\u00e9ho, proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b p\u0159ece postupuje sv\u00fdm vlastn\u00edm tempem. To, co tato sc\u00e9na skr\u00fdv\u00e1, je ale propast, kter\u00e1 nevznikla v tomto \u0161koln\u00edm roce. Vytvo\u0159ila se o roky d\u0159\u00edve, v tis\u00edc\u00edch hodin sly\u0161en\u00e9ho, nebo nesly\u0161en\u00e9ho jazyka, d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e kter\u00e9koli z obou d\u011bt\u00ed v\u016fbec pro\u0161lo dve\u0159mi \u0161koly.<\/p>\n
Tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 d\u00edt\u011bti, kter\u00e9 zaost\u00e1v\u00e1, je reflexem hledat p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu uvnit\u0159 t\u0159\u00eddy: nevhodnou metodu, p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00e9ho u\u010ditele, \u0161patn\u011b nastaven\u00fd vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed program. Tento pom\u011brn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd a b\u011b\u017en\u00fd pohled m\u00e1 jist\u011b tu v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee jasn\u011b ozna\u010duje konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u00edsto, kde je v\u016fbec mo\u017en\u00e9 jednat, ale zcela myln\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee propast vznik\u00e1 teprve ve \u0161kole, zat\u00edmco ta u\u017e je tam \u010dasto z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti vytvo\u0159ena. D\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed do mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly s v\u00fdrazn\u011b a znateln\u011b men\u0161\u00ed slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobou<\/strong> ne\u017e jeho spolu\u017e\u00e1ci, prost\u011b neza\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ze stejn\u00e9ho bodu, a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1, by\u0165 sebelep\u0161\u00ed pedagogick\u00e1 metoda nedok\u00e1\u017ee sama o sob\u011b za pouh\u00fdch p\u00e1r kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f uzav\u0159\u00edt to, co se trp\u011bliv\u011b budovalo po cel\u00e1 dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta nerovn\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 expozice.<\/p>\n Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 studie Anne Fernaldov\u00e9, Virginie Marchmanov\u00e9 a Adriany Weislederov\u00e9, podrobn\u011b publikovan\u00e1 v Developmental Science<\/strong><\/a>, m\u011b\u0159ila, jak p\u0159esn\u011b a rychle osmn\u00e1ctim\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed kojenci rozpozn\u00e1vali dan\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 slovo, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se pe\u010dliv\u011b sledoval jejich pohled sm\u011brem k odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edmu obr\u00e1zku. Kojenci z n\u00edzkop\u0159\u00edjmov\u00fdch rodin zcela d\u016fsledn\u011b zpracov\u00e1vali mluven\u00fd jazyk znateln\u011b a m\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b pomaleji ne\u017e ti z rodin zv\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, a tato rychlostn\u00ed propast u\u017e byla doprov\u00e1zena m\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b men\u0161\u00ed slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobou. Propast se tedy neobjevuje a\u017e u vstupu do \u0161koly: je zjistiteln\u00e1 d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e d\u00edt\u011b dok\u00e1\u017ee spojit dv\u011b slova dohromady.<\/p>\n D\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9mu trv\u00e1 d\u00e9le rozpoznat pr\u00e1v\u011b sly\u0161en\u00e9 slovo, m\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b ment\u00e1ln\u00ed kapacity zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed zbytku v\u011bty, co\u017e zase citeln\u011b omezuje jeho schopnost vyt\u011b\u017eit skute\u010dn\u00fd smysl a cestou si postupn\u011b osvojit nov\u00e1 slova. Tato zd\u00e1nliv\u00e1 pomalost nen\u00ed ani povahov\u00fdm rysem, ani skute\u010dnou poruchou pozornosti: p\u0159\u00edmo odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed sly\u0161en\u00e9ho jazyka<\/strong> v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, proto\u017ee mozek vystaven\u00fd bohat\u00e9mu a rozmanit\u00e9mu proudu \u0159e\u010di se p\u0159i jeho dek\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed mechanicky st\u00e1v\u00e1 rychlej\u0161\u00edm a p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. \u010c\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b slov d\u00edt\u011b skute\u010dn\u011b sly\u0161\u00ed adresovan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edmo sob\u011b, t\u00edm podstatn\u011b dr\u00e1\u017e ho stoj\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotliv\u00e9ho nov\u00e9ho slova.<\/p>\n Skute\u010dn\u00fd a hlubok\u00fd probl\u00e9m nen\u00ed jen v tom, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u011bti startuj\u00ed s v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1sobou slov u\u017e ve v\u011bku pouh\u00fdch 18 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Je sp\u00ed\u0161e v tom, \u017ee tento po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed deficit soustavn\u011b zpomaluje osvojov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e9ho dal\u0161\u00edho slova, co\u017e propast sp\u00ed\u0161e roz\u0161i\u0159uje, ne\u017e aby ji stabilizovalo. Kumulativn\u00ed znev\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong> tohoto typu se chov\u00e1 jako slo\u017een\u00fd \u00farok: \u010d\u00edm d\u00e9le z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 bez z\u00e1sahu, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed se propast, kterou je t\u0159eba uzav\u0159\u00edt, st\u00e1v\u00e1, co\u017e jasn\u011b vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d programy spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 teprve v \u0161esti nebo sedmi letech maj\u00ed tak velk\u00e9 pot\u00ed\u017ee dohnat d\u011bti, jejich\u017e zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed se vytvo\u0159ilo u\u017e d\u00e1vno v ran\u00e9m d\u011btstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n V praxi to posouv\u00e1 celou ot\u00e1zku skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem od \u0161koly k tomu, co se doopravdy d\u011bje d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed n\u00ed: v\u00edce mluvit s nejmen\u0161\u00edmi d\u011btmi, kl\u00e1st jim ot\u00e1zky, komentovat, co d\u011blaj\u00ed, m\u00edsto pouh\u00e9ho ud\u00edlen\u00ed pokyn\u016f. Jakmile jsou d\u011bti ve \u0161kole, mohou pomoci i n\u00e1stroje jako vrstevnick\u00e9 dou\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a>, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1sobuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti k bohat\u00e9 verb\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b pro d\u011bti, je\u017e z toho d\u0159\u00edve profitovaly nejm\u00e9n\u011b, ani\u017e by p\u0159itom p\u0159edst\u00edraly, \u017ee nahrad\u00ed ztracen\u00e1 l\u00e9ta. Nejde p\u0159itom v\u016fbec o z\u00e1sluhy rodi\u010d\u016f ani o \u0161koln\u00ed discipl\u00ednu, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e o kumulovanou jazykovou expozici<\/strong>, faktor, kter\u00fd z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry neviditeln\u00fd, dokud nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo m\u011b\u0159en.<\/p>\n V \u00fapln\u011b t\u00e9\u017ee t\u0159\u00edd\u011b mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly ob\u011b d\u011bti na prvn\u00ed pohled naprosto v\u016fbec nic neodli\u0161uje: stejn\u00fd v\u011bk, stejn\u00e1 m\u00edstnost, stejn\u00e1 u\u010ditelka. Jedno z nich ale je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se v\u016fbec nau\u010dilo mluvit, sly\u0161elo skute\u010dn\u011b o miliony slov v\u00edc ne\u017e to druh\u00e9. Nen\u00ed to probl\u00e9m inteligence ani probl\u00e9m \u0161koly. Je to \u010dist\u011b probl\u00e9m expozice, rozhodnut\u00fd d\u00e1vno a nen\u00e1padn\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e poprv\u00e9 v\u016fbec zazvonil zvonek.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" V pom\u011brn\u011b ru\u0161n\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly si vedle sebe docela klidn\u011b hraj\u00ed dv\u011b \u010dty\u0159let\u00e9 d\u011bti. Prvn\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b podrobn\u011b vypr\u00e1v\u00ed o sv\u00e9m dopoledni v cel\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch, obratn\u011b \u0159ad\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00ed v\u011bty za sebou a p\u0159esn\u011b pojmenov\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161e, co vid\u00ed. Druh\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b m\u00e1 zjevn\u011b pot\u00ed\u017ee uk\u00e1zat na p\u0159edm\u011bt p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ed sebou, dlouho a viditeln\u011b v\u00e1h\u00e1, jen opakuje slova […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3314,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3299","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-spolecnost-a-inkluze"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3299"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4227,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3299\/revisions\/4227"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3314"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3299"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Co odhaluje studie o zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka ve v\u011bku 18 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f<\/h2>\n
Pro\u010d rychlost zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed stejn\u011b jako velikost slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby<\/h2>\n
Co brzk\u00e1 propast skute\u010dn\u011b poh\u00e1n\u00ed: kumulativn\u00ed znev\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00ed, nikoli jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9 zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Jak jednat p\u0159ed \u0161kolou sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e po n\u00ed<\/h2>\n