Dva studenti se p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed na stejnou zkou\u0161ku ze stejn\u00e9 kapitoly. Prvn\u00ed se pust\u00ed do intenzivn\u00edho u\u010den\u00ed a\u017e samotn\u00fd p\u0159edve\u010der, str\u00e1v\u00ed cel\u00fdch p\u011bt dlouh\u00fdch hodin v kuse velmi intenzivn\u00edm opakovan\u00fdm \u010dten\u00edm a nakonec zav\u0159e se\u0161it, \u00fapln\u011b vy\u010derpan\u00fd, ale p\u0159esto docela sebejist\u00fd. Druh\u00e1 si svou pr\u00e1ci rozvrhla zcela jinak: jednu celou hodinu prvn\u00ed den, dal\u0161\u00ed hodinu o t\u0159i dny pozd\u011bji, t\u0159et\u00ed sezen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b o t\u00fdden pozd\u011bji, posledn\u00ed sezen\u00ed teprve ve\u010der p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159ed samotnou zkou\u0161kou. V samotn\u00fd den zkou\u0161ky dos\u00e1hnou oba t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u011b stejn\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku, jako by tyto dva zcela odli\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy nakonec vedly ke stejn\u00e9mu v\u00fdsledku. O m\u011bs\u00edc pozd\u011bji, zcela bez varov\u00e1n\u00ed, jsou jim polo\u017eeny p\u0159esn\u011b stejn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky znovu. Prvn\u00ed zapomn\u011bl t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161e, \u010d\u00edm si kdysi byl tak jist\u00fd. Druh\u00e1 si bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1mahy st\u00e1le pamatuje to nejpodstatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n
N\u011bmeck\u00fd psycholog Hermann Ebbinghaus byl u\u017e koncem devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed prvn\u00ed, kdo p\u0159esn\u011b zm\u011b\u0159il, jak rychle \u010derstv\u011b nau\u010den\u00e1 informace miz\u00ed. Jeho trp\u011bliv\u00e9 experimenty, prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 dlouhodob\u011b na n\u011bm sam\u00e9m s rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi seznamy zcela nesmysln\u00fdch slabik, odhalily pom\u011brn\u011b prudk\u00fd a v\u00fdrazn\u00fd pokles: podstatn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pr\u00e1v\u011b zapamatovan\u00e9ho obsahu miz\u00ed u\u017e v prvn\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch, a pokles pak pokra\u010duje, pomaleji, v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch dnech. Tento v\u00fdsledek, dnes velmi \u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00fd k\u0159ivka zapom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 i dodnes jedn\u00edm z nejl\u00e9pe a nej\u010dast\u011bji opakovan\u011b potvrzen\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f cel\u00e9 kognitivn\u00ed psychologie.<\/p>\n Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 metaanal\u00fdza veden\u00e1 Nicholasem Cepedou, Haroldem Pashlerem a jejich kolegy, publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Psychological Bulletin<\/strong><\/a>, pro\u0161la des\u00edtky studi\u00ed srovn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed s u\u010den\u00edm rozlo\u017een\u00fdm v \u010dase. V\u00fdsledek je jednozna\u010dn\u00fd: p\u0159i stejn\u00e9m celkov\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u011bnovan\u00e9ho \u010dasu vede rozlo\u017een\u00ed opakovac\u00edch sezen\u00ed v \u010dase k v\u00fdrazn\u011b trvalej\u0161\u00edmu zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e jejich soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed do jedin\u00e9ho sezen\u00ed. Tento efekt, dnes obecn\u011b a jednotn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako efekt rozlo\u017een\u00e9ho opakov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>, se p\u0159itom soustavn\u011b objevuje v opravdu des\u00edtk\u00e1ch zcela r\u016fzn\u00fdch obor\u016f, od slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby a\u017e po historick\u00e1 fakta.<\/p>\n Biflov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159itom nen\u00ed iracion\u00e1ln\u00ed, alespo\u0148 ne na prvn\u00ed pohled. Opakovan\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed kapitoly p\u011btkr\u00e1t za sebou vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 velmi p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00fd pocit plynulosti a kontroly, pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee obsah je v okam\u017eiku dal\u0161\u00edho \u010dten\u00ed st\u00e1le \u010derstv\u00fd v pracovn\u00ed pam\u011bti. Tato okam\u017eit\u00e1, pon\u011bkud klamn\u00e1 snadnost skr\u00fdv\u00e1 mnohem hlub\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m: ve skute\u010dnosti se v\u016fbec nic doopravdy trvale neulo\u017eilo v dlouhodob\u00e9 pam\u011bti<\/strong>, a\u0165 u\u017e se samotn\u00e9 opakovan\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed zd\u00e1lo sebeplynulej\u0161\u00ed a sebejist\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Zkou\u0161ka n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho dne, st\u00e1le bl\u00edzk\u00e1 v \u010dase, m\u016f\u017ee k zamaskov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to k\u0159ehkosti sta\u010dit. Teprve o t\u00fddny pozd\u011bji se rozd\u00edl stane zjevn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n Kdy\u017e je opakovac\u00ed sezen\u00ed v\u011bdom\u011b odlo\u017eeno o n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed, zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st d\u0159\u00edve nau\u010den\u00e9ho u\u017e za\u010dala viditeln\u011b blednout. Op\u011btovn\u00fd n\u00e1vrat k tomuto obsahu pak nut\u00ed mozek ke skute\u010dn\u00e9mu a n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9mu \u00fasil\u00ed o vybaven\u00ed, m\u00edsto pouh\u00e9ho jednoduch\u00e9ho pasivn\u00edho rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b toto \u00fasil\u00ed, sice nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9, ale zato velmi produktivn\u00ed, znateln\u011b posiluje pam\u011b\u0165ovou stopu p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edm jednotliv\u00e9m sezen\u00ed, mechanismus, kter\u00fd badatel\u00e9 n\u011bkdy docela r\u00e1di naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017enost<\/strong>. P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd interval mezi dv\u011bma po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edmi opakov\u00e1n\u00edmi t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u016fbec a naprosto nic nep\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee informace v danou chv\u00edli z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1le a\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 snadno dostupn\u00e1 na to, aby si opravdu vy\u017e\u00e1dala skute\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed o vybaven\u00ed z pam\u011bti.<\/p>\n V praxi zpravidla sta\u010d\u00ed jednodu\u0161e rozd\u011blit to, co by se jinak stejn\u011b d\u011blalo \u00fapln\u011b najednou, na n\u011bkolik men\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed sezen\u00ed hned po prvn\u00edm setk\u00e1n\u00ed s obsahem, druh\u00e9 o dva a\u017e t\u0159i dny pozd\u011bji, t\u0159et\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b o t\u00fdden pozd\u011bji, a pot\u00e9 st\u00e1le v\u00edce a v\u00edce rozlo\u017een\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednky, jak se l\u00e1tka v pam\u011bti stabilizuje. Sd\u00edlen\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 nebo i jen docela prost\u00fd seznam p\u0159ipom\u00ednek zpravidla pln\u011b sta\u010d\u00ed k organizaci tohoto pravideln\u00e9ho rytmu. Aby ka\u017ed\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 sezen\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b z\u016fstalo kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 a maxim\u00e1ln\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, velmi pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159ij\u00edt u\u017e s jasn\u00fdm a stru\u010dn\u00fdm shrnut\u00edm dan\u00e9 kapitoly, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u00e1stroje ur\u010den\u00e9 k tomu, aby podpo\u0159ily proces u\u010den\u00ed<\/a>, m\u00edsto aby se poka\u017ed\u00e9 znovu proch\u00e1zel cel\u00fd text.<\/p>\n P\u0159esn\u011b m\u011bs\u00edc po zkou\u0161ce se oba studenti n\u00e1hodou setkaj\u00ed u \u0161\u00e1lku k\u00e1vy a docela ne\u010dekan\u011b za\u010dnou mluvit pr\u00e1v\u011b o dan\u00e9 kapitole. Prvn\u00ed z nich up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee si t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u016fbec na nic nevzpom\u00edn\u00e1, jako by cel\u00e1 ta noc biflov\u00e1n\u00ed nezanechala \u017e\u00e1dnou trvalou stopu. Druh\u00e1 bez n\u00e1mahy zformuluje kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 body, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159ekvapen\u00e1, jak snadno se j\u00ed vybavuj\u00ed. Rozd\u00edl p\u0159itom v\u016fbec nesouvis\u00ed ani s inteligenc\u00ed, ani s celkov\u00fdm, souhrnn\u00fdm \u010dasem v\u011bnovan\u00fdm u\u010den\u00ed, ale prost\u011b jen a pouze s t\u00edm, jak p\u0159esn\u011b byl tento samotn\u00fd \u010das v pr\u016fb\u011bhu t\u00fddn\u016f skute\u010dn\u011b rozvr\u017een.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Dva studenti se p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed na stejnou zkou\u0161ku ze stejn\u00e9 kapitoly. Prvn\u00ed se pust\u00ed do intenzivn\u00edho u\u010den\u00ed a\u017e samotn\u00fd p\u0159edve\u010der, str\u00e1v\u00ed cel\u00fdch p\u011bt dlouh\u00fdch hodin v kuse velmi intenzivn\u00edm opakovan\u00fdm \u010dten\u00edm a nakonec zav\u0159e se\u0161it, \u00fapln\u011b vy\u010derpan\u00fd, ale p\u0159esto docela sebejist\u00fd. Druh\u00e1 si svou pr\u00e1ci rozvrhla zcela jinak: jednu celou hodinu prvn\u00ed den, dal\u0161\u00ed hodinu o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2959,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-metody-uceni"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2944"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2944\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4418,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2944\/revisions\/4418"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2944"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2944"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/resoomer.com\/education\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Co skute\u010dn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00e9 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Past biflov\u00e1n\u00ed: klamn\u00fd pocit zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed l\u00e1tky<\/h2>\n
Pro\u010d rozlo\u017een\u00ed vynucuje u\u017eite\u010dnou pr\u00e1ci s vybavov\u00e1n\u00edm<\/h2>\n
Jak sestavit rozvrh rozlo\u017een\u00e9ho opakov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n